Hague Regulations (1907)
Articles 42 to 56, the foundational law on belligerent occupation.
Fourth Geneva Convention (1949)
Civilians in occupied territory are protected persons; forcible transfer is prohibited under Article 49(1) and is a grave breach under Article 147.
Additional Protocol I (1977)
Article 77, on the special protection and care owed to children.
Rome Statute of the ICC
Deportation or transfer from occupied territory is a war crime under Articles 8(2)(a)(vii) and 8(2)(b)(viii), and can be a crime against humanity under Article 7(1)(d).
Genocide Convention (1948)
Article II(e), forcibly transferring children of a group to another group.
UN Convention on the Rights of the Child
Articles 7 and 38.
ICC, Ukraine situation
Arrest warrants for Putin and Lvova-Belova (17 March 2023) and for Shoigu and Gerasimov (24 June 2024).
Access →European Court of Human Rights
Inter-state cases Ukraine v Russia, establishing Russia’s effective control over Crimea from 2014.
International Court of Justice
Ukraine v Russia under the Genocide Convention.
Ukrainian Criminal Code
Article 111-1 (collaboration), Article 111-2 (aiding the aggressor state), Article 438 (violation of the laws and customs of war).